Adverb

                                           ADVERB

what is an adverb?

An adverb is a word that can modify or describe a verb, adjective, another adverb, or entire sentence. Adverbs can be used to show manner (how something happens), degree (to what extent), place (where), and time (when).

Adverbs are usually formed by adding -ly to the end of an adjective (e.g., “quick” becomes “quickly”), although there are also other adverbs that don’t have this ending. There are also adverbial phrases, series of words that play the grammatical role of adverbs.

Examples: Adverbs in a sentence

Adil walked quickly.

James never answers her phone.

It is an incredibly exciting film.

Actually, I’m not sure.

Types of Adverbs

Adverbs are categorised into different types according to their functions when used in a sentence. Given below are the different types of adverbs.

• Adverbs of Manner
• Adverbs of Time
• Adverbs of Place
• Adverbs of Frequency
• Adverbs of Degree
• Conjunctive Adverbs

Check out the article on types of adverbs to learn more about them in detail. Furthermore, read through the article on adverbial phrases to learn what they are.

 

How are adverbs used in sentences?

Adverbs provide context in a sentence by describing how, when, where, and to what extent something occurs. Adverbs can be used to modify verbs, adjectives, and even other adverbs.

Examples: Adverbs modifying verbs, adjectives, and adverbs

Tamara danced slowly.

Jeff is extremely talented.

I started playing golf quite recently.

Adverbs can also be used to modify entire sentences by expressing a viewpoint or making an evaluation. These adverbs (called sentence adverbs) are typically set off with commas.

Examples: Sentence adverbs

Luckily, the fire department responded immediately.

Monica can’t attend the party, unfortunately.

Adverbs vs. adjectives

While adverbs can modify verbs, adjectives, adverbs, and entire sentences, adjectives can only modify nouns and pronouns (e.g., “the red door”).

Adverbs are often formed by adding “-ly” to the end of an adjective. However, adverbs can also be formed from adjectives in other ways, depending on the ending.

Original ending	Adverbial ending	Example
-y	-ily (replacing the “y”)	happy; happily
-le	-y (replacing the “e”)	able; ably
-ic	-ally	energetic; energetically

Some adverbs use the same form as their corresponding adjectives. These are known as flat adverbs (e.g., “straight,” “fast,” “early”). Other adverbs (e.g., “never”) simply don’t have a corresponding adjective.

Tip

If you’re unsure whether a word is being used as an adverb or an adjective, look at the word that it’s modifying. If it’s modifying a noun or a pronoun, it’s an adjective. If it’s modifying anything else, it’s an adverb.

For example, in the sentence “Don’t drive fast,” the word “fast” is an adverb because it’s modifying the verb “drive.”

In the phrase “a fast car,” the word “fast” is an adjective because it’s describing the noun “car.”

Adverbs and linking verbs

Adverbs are sometimes confused with adjectives when they are used with linking verbs (i.e. a verb that connects the subject of a sentence with a subject complement that describes it).

While adverbs can be used to describe how an action is done, linking verbs (e.g., “look,” “feel,” “sound,” “be”) refer to states of being and therefore take an adjective rather than an adverb.

Examples: Adverbs and adjectives with linking verbs

• Angela seems angrily.

• Angela seems angry.

Adverbs of manner

An adverb of manner describes how an action is performed or how something happens. In most cases, adverbs of manner occur after the main verb.

Examples: Adverbs of manner in a sentence

Jessie read quietly.

Tom laughed loudly.

If the verb has a direct object (a thing being acted upon), the adverb should be placed before the verb or at the end of the sentence. It should never be placed between the verb and its object (in the following examples, “the book” is the object).

Examples: Adverbs of manner and direct objects

• Jessie read quietly the book.

• Jessie quietly read the book.
• Jessie read the book quietly.

Adverbs of degree

Adverbs of degree are used to qualify verbs, adjectives, or adverbs by expressing extent or degree. Some common adverbs of degree include: “extremely,” “absolutely,” “slightly,” “quite,” and “enough.”

Examples: Adverbs of degree in a sentence

The treehouse you built is very unstable.

I’ll be ready soon; I’m almost finished.

Adverbs of place

An adverb of place provides information about the location of an action (e.g., position, distance, and direction). Adverbs of place typically occur after the main verb of a sentence.

Examples: “Adverbs of place” in a sentence

Go downstairs and open the door.

Confetti was thrown everywhere.

Come here!

Note

Some words can be used as both an adverb of place and a preposition. When the sentence has no object, it’s considered an adverb (e.g., “go inside”). If the sentence has an object, it’s considered a preposition (e.g., “go inside the house”)

Adverbs of time

Adverbs of time (e.g., “yesterday,” “today,” “tomorrow”) describe when something happens. They are typically placed at the end of a sentence.

Examples: Adverbs of time in a sentence

I have to run, but I’ll see you tomorrow.

Dylan has a dentist appointment, so he will be late for school today.

Adverbs of duration (e.g., “temporarily,” “forever,” “shortly”) are slightly different; they describe the length of time something happens for.

Examples: Adverbs of duration in a sentence

The power outage should be fixed shortly.

I played football briefly, but I didn’t enjoy it.

Adverbs of frequency

Adverbs of frequency describe how often something happens. They can be divided into two categories based on how specific they are.

Adverbs of indefinite frequency (e.g., “always,” “sometimes,” “never”) give an idea of how often something occurs, but they don’t give an exact timeframe. Adverbs of indefinite frequency are usually placed before the main verb.

Examples: Adverbs of indefinite frequency in a sentence

Anna always works on Saturdays.

Jessica never washes the dishes.

Adverbs of definite frequency (e.g., “hourly,” “daily,” “weekly”) give a more precise description of how often something happens. They typically occur at the end of a sentence.

Examples: Adverbs of definite frequency

I check my email hourly.

We visit France yearly.

Adverbs of purpose

Adverbs of purpose (also called adverbs of reason) help to explain why something is the case. Many adverbs of purpose function as conjunctive adverbs. Other adverbs of purpose usually take the form of adverbial phrases instead of individual words.

Examples: Adverbs of purpose in a sentence

The company made a huge profit; therefore, the employees were given raises.

Since you’re busy, I’ll call back later.

Other types of adverbs

There are a few additional types of adverbs that are worth considering:

• Conjunctive adverbs
• Focusing adverbs
• Interrogative adverbs
• Relative adverbs

Conjunctive adverbs

Conjunctive adverbs (also called linking adverbs) connect two independent clauses by turning the second clause into an adverbial modifier of the first. They can be used as transition words to introduce consequence, condition, comparison, contrast, and clarification.

Examples: Conjunctive adverbs in a sentence

The wedding is scheduled for tomorrow. However, we no longer have a caterer.

Kelly’s funding application was denied; therefore, she can not continue her research.

Note

Conjunctive adverbs are often confused with coordinating conjunctions (e.g., “and,” “but”). However, unlike coordinating conjunctions, conjunctive adverbs can’t connect two clauses grammatically.

Instead, conjunctive adverbs are typically separated from a preceding clause by a period or semicolon and followed by a comma.

• The car is damaged, besides it’s too expensive.

• The car is damaged. Besides, it’s too expensive.
• The car is damaged; besides, it’s too expensive.

Focusing adverbs

Focusing adverbs are used to emphasize a particular part of a sentence. They’re typically positioned next to the word they’re drawing attention to. Some common focusing adverbs include: “only,” “just,” “especially,” “even,” “either,” and “neither.”

Examples: Focusing adverbs in a sentence

Natalia loves reading, especially fiction.

Jen had a great time at the party; she even danced.

Interrogative adverbs

The interrogative adverbs “when,” “where,” “why,” and “how” are used to introduce a question.

Examples: Interrogative adverbs in a sentence

When do you want to go shopping?

Where did you get that doughnut?

Relative adverbs

The relative adverbs “where,” “when,” and “why” are used to introduce dependent or relative clauses (i.e., clauses that contain a subject and verb but do not express a complete thought).

Examples: Relative adverbs in a sentence

This is the city where the soldiers were stationed.

That was the moment when I first noticed him.